Expectations of success and failure among middle and university students (Comparative Study)

Abstract

The current research aims to identify:

1-Expectations of success and failure among middle and university students.

2-Differences in expectations of success and failure based on the stage variable (middle school – university).

    The researcher adopted the Veblen and Hall scale (1978) based on Rotter’s theory after verifying its validity and reliability applied to a sample of middle school students (fifth grade) in Baghdad/Al-Rusafa Al-Thaniyah and university students in Baghdad, including both genders (males and females) totaling 400 students, with 200 students from middle school and 200 students from university. The results showed that university students and middle school students have higher expectations of success than failure. The results also revealed differences in expectations of success and failure in favor of university students. As a continuation of the current research, the researcher provided a number of recommendations and suggestions.