الاحزاب السياسية للبشتون ومساهمة الدور الإقليمي والدولي في تعزيزها (١٩٧٩-١٩٨٥)

Abstract

Between 1979 and 1985, Pashtun parties emerged as major forces in resisting the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan. Among these parties was the Islamic Party led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, which adopted a hardline Islamic approach and received significant support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, Abdul Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, the leader of the Islamic Union, was among the parties that received substantial backing from Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states due to his ideological orientations. Furthermore, Jalaluddin Haqqani played a pivotal role in the resistance and received support from Pakistan, becoming a symbol of the struggle.

These parties received military and financial support from external powers, as the United States and Saudi Arabia provided financial and military assistance, while Pakistan played a crucial role in providing safe havens for the resistance and funding operations through the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). This support was the decisive factor in enhancing the resistance's capacity against the Soviets and shifting the balance of power in favor of the Pashtun factions.