Peaceful coexistence in Iraq during the Ilkhanid era (656-736 AH/1258-1335 AD

Abstract

Following the Mongol invasion of Iraq, profound and radical transformations occurred. Significant political and cultural changes took place as a result of the Mongol invasion. However, the social structure managed to preserve its fabric and cohesion, inherited from thousands of years ago, thanks to their cultural and civilizational heritage. This enabled them to reorganize their lives and maintain their peaceful coexistence. After their military campaigns concluded, the Mongols worked to reorganize their Ilkhanate state according to an administrative system that would restore security and stability to the country, given its direct impact on their interests and objectives. As a result of this new administrative organization, economic life gradually returned. Markets reopened, and people gradually resumed their trades and professions, leading to a revival of economic activity. This revival became one of the common factors among Muslims, Christians, and Jews, based on mutual respect, fulfilling duties, and guaranteeing rights. This is the essence of peaceful coexistence within the diverse Iraqi society, with its various components, religions, and affiliations. This demonstrates that peaceful coexistence did not arise solely from political decisions, but rather from a balanced integration of a well-organized administrative system and shared economic interests, bound together by religious, social, civilizational, and cultural values. All of these elements combined to establish and solidify a policy of tolerance, acceptance of others, and respect for their religion and beliefs. This enabled Iraqi society to overcome the dangers of the Mongol invasion and its aftermath, maintain its social peace, and live in harmony as a unified community. Opening remarks : Mongols-Society- Coexistence- Muslims – Economy-Religions