The theory of contraction and expansion among the Sufis of Baghdad

Abstract

Abstract

Sufism is considered one of the most important fields of religious knowledge, especially in Islamic thought. It focuses on spiritual and emotional aspects, while also emphasizing the practical, educational, and ethical dimensions of human life. For this reason, Sufism is often referred to as the science of hearts, the science of conduct, and the medicine of souls. Certainly, these characteristics do not make Sufism a substitute for other religious sciences, such as jurisprudence, Sharia, and theology. Rather, it complements them by embodying the noble meanings called for by the pure Islamic religion, such as brotherhood, love, piety, forgiveness, sincerity, and striving for goodness. These values are instilled in the hearts of the faithful and nurtured over time, eventually becoming an integral part of their existential and psychological makeup.

Sufism seeks to elevate the human being from lower levels of existence to higher ranks, transcending many of their negative qualities, desires, and tendencies. It aims to bring the individual as close as possible, or at least resembling, the perfect form of servitude, achieving the station of servitude in the presence of absolute monotheism. It is worth noting that the term “Sufism” is shared by most world religions, whether monotheistic or non-monotheistic. A common factor among all these forms of Sufism is the firm belief in perfection.