Political and social pardon and forgiveness during the Buyid era (334-447 AH / 946-1056 AD)

Abstract

The research examined the policy of pardon and forgiveness during the Buyid era (334-447 AH / 946-1056 AD) and its role in influencing the political and social conditions in the Abbasid Caliphate, focusing on how it was used as a tool for managing conflicts between different elements of society such as Arabs, Daylamites, Turks, and Kurds. The research adopted the historical analytical method to trace the relevant political and social events and facts. The results showed that the Abbasid caliphs lost a large part of their authority to the Buyid princes, while the policies of pardon and forgiveness contributed to calming conflicts, strengthening loyalty, reducing internal tensions, and achieving a kind of relative stability despite the economic and political turmoil. Among the results is also that pardon and forgiveness were necessary tools for maintaining the cohesion of the state and society. Therefore, the study recommends benefiting from these policies in managing social and political conflicts in contemporary multi-ethnic and multi-sectarian societies.